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   @article{shah2014,
    title     = {Trajectory Planning with Adaptive Control Primitives for Autonomous Surface
                Vehicles Operating in Congested Civilian Traffic},
    author    = {Brual C. Shah},
    journal   = {IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)},
    year      = {2014},
    abstract  = {abstract---We introduce a model-predictive trajectory planning algorithm for
                unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) operating in congested civilian traffic. The
                planner reasons about the availability of contingency maneuvers needed in case
                of any of the civilian vessels breaches the International Regulations for the
                Prevention of Collisions at Sea (COLREGs). Our exploratory study indicated
                that implementing the envisioned planner requires significant speed up of
                trajectory planning to cope with the dynamics of the scene, and evaluation of
                collision risk. We describe a new method for efficiently searching 5D state
                space for a dynamically feasible trajectory using adaptive control action
                primitives. The algorithm estimates the congestion of the state space regions
                to evaluate collision risk, and then dynamically scales action primitives used
                during the search while preserving their dynamical feasibility. Our simulation
                experiments demonstrate that this leads to a substantial increase in the
                search efficiency and a decrease in the number of collisions, especially in
                complex scenarios with a higher number of civilian vessels.}}